Definition and Examples of a Concrete Noun

Definition and Examples of a Concrete Noun A concrete noun is a  noun (such as chicken or egg) that names a material or tangible object or phenomenon- something recognizable through the senses. Contrast with an abstract noun. In grammar, notes Tom McArthur, an abstract noun refers to an action, concept, event, quality, or state (love, conversation), whereas a concrete noun refers to a touchable, observable person or thing (child, tree) (Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language, 2005). Examples and Observations Pound cakes sagged with their buttery weight and small children could no more resist licking the icings than their mothers could avoid slapping the sticky fingers.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)The black candle fell out of its brass holder and the flame touched the dry petals and leaves. (John Twelve Hawks, The Traveler. Doubleday, 2005With your sheets like metal and your belt like lace,And your deck of cards missing the jack and the ace,And your basement clothes and your hollow face,Who among them can think he could outguess you?(Bob Dylan, Sad-Eyed Lady of the LowlandsAt middle age the soul should be opening up like a rose, not closing up like a cabbage.(John Andrew HolmesIt came to me today, walking in the rain to get Helen a glass of orange juice, that the world exists only in my consciousness (whether as a reality or as an illusion the evening papers do not say, but my guess is reality).(James Thurber, letter to E.B. White, October 6, 1937. Se lected Letters of James Thurber, ed. by Helen Thurber and Edward Weeks. Little, Brown, 1981 John Updikes Concrete Nouns I kept looking out of the windows. The three red lights of the chimneys of the plant that had been built some miles away, to mine low-grade iron ore, seemed to be advancing over our neighbor’s ridged field toward our farm. My mother had mistaken me for a stoic like my father and had not put enough blankets on the bed. I found an old overcoat of his and arranged it over me; its collar scratched my chin. I tipped into sleep and awoke. The morning was sharply sunny; sheep hustled, heads toppling, through the gauzy blue sky. It was an authentic spring in Pennsylvania. Some of the grass in the lawn had already grown shiny and lank. A yellow crocus had popped up beside the BEWARE OF THE DOG sign my father had had an art student at the high school make for him.(John Updike, Packed Dirt, Churchgoing, a Dying Cat, a Traded Car. Pigeon Feathers and Other Stories. Alfred A. Knopf, 1962 Balancing Abstract and Concrete Diction Beauty and fear are abstract ideas; they exist in your mind, not in the forest along with the trees and the owls. Concrete words refer to things we can touch, see, hear, smell, and taste, such as sandpaper, soda, birch trees, smog, cow, sailboat, rocking chair, and pancake. . . .Good writing balances ideas and facts, and it also balances abstract and concrete diction. If the writing is too abstract, with too few concrete facts and details, it will be unconvincing and tiresome. If the writing is too concrete, devoid of ideas and emotions, it can seem pointless and dry.(Alfred Rosa and Paul Eschholz, Models for Writers: Short Essays for Composition. St. Martins, 1982)Abstract and general terms represent ideas, explain attitudes, and explore relationships such as contingency (if something will happen), causality (why it occurs), and priority (what is first in time or importance). Concrete and specific words clarify and illustrate between abstract and concrete words and general and speci fic language, blending them naturally. To achieve this mix, use abstract and general words to state your ideas. Use specific and concrete words to illustrate and support them.(Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II, The Scribner Handbook for Writers, 3rd ed. Allyn and Bacon, 2001) The Ladder of Abstraction The Ladder of Abstraction is one way to visualize the range of language from the abstract to the concrete- from the general to the specific. On the top of the ladder are abstract ideas like success, education, or freedom; as we move down each rung of the ladder the words become more specific and more concrete. When we reach the bottom rung of the Ladder of Abstraction, we should find something that we can see or touch, hear, taste, or smell.(Brian Backman, Persuasion Points: 82 Strategic Exercises for Writing High-Scoring Persuasive Essays. Maupin House, 2010)

Is the Death Penalty Justified

Is the Death Penalty Justified Death Penalty Essay Death penalty debate often becomes a topic for an argumentative essay. Students are asked to make arguments for the death penalty and arguments against the death penalty. The capital punishment essay example below is a kind of opinion essay for legal discussions. If you need another topic  for discussing in your argumentative essay here is a great list: Argumentative Essay Topics   The Death Penalty is the Code of Judgment Want to divide a room fairly quickly? Get a conversation going about justifying the death penalty. That will scatter folks, absolutely. Plus, everyone will feel differently about the issue. Some will hold some deeply rooted convictions about the topic: Should a person be sentenced to death because they deliberately killed another person? Isn’t God their ultimate judge, and because of this, shouldn’t they get a free pass in this life because they are judged in the next? Is killing a murderer – via gas chamber, electric chair, lethal injection – committing the same exactly crime the murderer did? There are many questions to ask when giving this heavily debated topic a good thinking. First, one has to accept that there are some pretty evil people in the world who want to take the lives of others, to play God, ultimately; then there are accidental killings; and lastly, one has to consider that we all have the potential to kill another human being if pushed ove r the edge of reason. Nonetheless, in this instance, a justification for the death penalty shall be provided. The Death Penalty is Justified When a Murder Was Done out of Cold Blood For one, the death penalty is justified when a murder was done out of cold blood when it was premeditated. Of course, this is not when a person accidentally kills another person – wrestling around when the wrong move is made or someone goes too far, for example; or a car crashing into another on late night. Those are different. A murder in cold blood is when a person deliberately wishes for, plans and executes a murder. Regardless of why the murder is done, or how many people the person killed, even if to avenge another’s murder or wrongdoing, it is still murder – a deliberate ending of another person’s life on this earth – and murderers should be killed themselves. They must pay for their wrongdoing, and this is one case of how the death penalty is justified. Secondly, the death penalty is justified because of the prevention factor: When a vicious murderer is given the death penalty, they cannot be left out in society to do it again. This is done for a great reason. This justifies the death penalty for sure. Now there is always the possibility that the killing is righteous – maybe the man who savagely raped, beat and killed an innocent woman should be killed – and the person who killed the rapist is innocent to a degree, but all of this is subjective thinking, and emotions should not influence rationalization. We can refer to Hammurabi’s Code – â€Å"eye-for-an-eye† – to justify this reciprocity: that the state should put to death a murderer. Make no doubt about it: this is one more way that illustrates how the death penalty is indeed justified. Dead Murderer Cannot Kill Again Lastly, what if the atheists are right? What if there is no God? No judgment in the afterlife? We can never know for sure of an afterlife. Now is all we can ever know for sure. This mentality justifies the death penalty because it means there is a chance this murderer could go on in the universe never having to pay for what they had done – when they took a person’s life and played God for just a few seconds. One can speculate that if the everyday person kills another, even intentionally, that person will live for the rest of their years with immense regret, guilt, and paranoia. The mental anguish would be a harsh enough punishment itself. Ah, but many killers are psychopaths, they lack empathy and conscience – so they may not think they are doing wrong. Therefore they should be wiped out of this world. They deserve the death penalty. The death penalty is most justified here – a sick, deranged person should be taken out of this world. There may be no judge in the afterlife, no God; therefore, the evil of this world shall be judged on earth, and evil shall die. Let’s conclude this heavy argument by apologizing to the reader: this is a tough topic to discuss – everyone’s got a different viewpoint on it – and it’s easy to offend a person. If any offense was taken, the writer offers their apologies. The truth is, there is no right answer. The student can relate to Christian (God is my judge) and Buddhist (people attract suffering) ideologies, and to Hammurabi’s Code (eye for an eye), to approach this issue objectively. Which is correct? What is inhumane and what’s wrong? How do you tell? Need a death penalty essay? Our writers are experienced in writing different death penalty argumentative essays. The most popular topics are: Why the Death Penalty Wrong? and Should the Death Penalty Be Allowed? If you need an essay on these or other death penalty essay topics, place an order.

Inventory & Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inventory & Inflation - Essay Example This process normally involves controlling the units coming in with an aim of preventing the inventory from excessively rising or declining to levels that are too low to jeopardize the operation of the business. Proficient inventory management seeks to control the costs of goods from the perception of the tax burden and the total cost of goods. Inventory management and inflation are concepts that are closely related in the running of the business. The increase of prices of goods and services determines the units to be purchased since this is influenced by the money at hand. If the capital of the business remains constant, the goods being purchased reduces due to increase in their prices. One has to monitor the trend of the inventory since this determines the time and process of making an order. First moving goods are purchased regularly as compared to those that take a longer period of time. Inflation does not only affect the business owners but also the consumers of goods. For instance, when prices go up, the purchasing power of the consumer is reduced. This forces the consumer to do away with some commodities since there those which are given more priority than others. The business owner has to make a decision on which goods should be stocked basing on the fact that his purchasing power has also reduced due to

Ethics discussion board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics discussion board - Assignment Example However, the use of harsh actions towards her, in order to extract confessions needs justification. Although it is painful to torture for information, it is the responsibility for every citizen to maintain peace by doing what is necessary for saving lives. The moral value of certain steps should be determined by happiness and utility that can be created. By bringing the terrorist’s daughter into a room, and holding the flame against her skin, the conscience of the terrorist will come to fore and this assist in the interrogation process as the terrorist would not just look at her torture. As a result of this torture, he will give all the information about the bomb and even future attacks. There is no reason to why torture should not be used in such a case of a terrorist. Information extracted from him would help people act in a morally upright way and save lives of other people. It is necessary to maintain and create happiness among the citizens, rather than happiness for a person. Torturing would make the country a peaceful

Marketing :: essays research papers

1. A. An economic system is a nations system for allocating its resources among its citizens. Economic systems differ in terms of who owns or controls the four basic factors of production: labor, capital, entrepreneurs, and natural resources. In planned economies, the government all or most factors. In market economies, which are based on the principles of capitalism, individuals control the factors of production. Most countries today have mixed market economies that are dominated by one of these systems but include elements of the other. The process of privatization is an important means by which many of the world’s planned economies are moving toward mixed market systems. 2. A. The most common forms of business ownership are the sole proprietorship, the partnership, the cooperative, and the regular corporation. Each form has several advantages and disadvantages. The form under which a business chooses to organize is crucial because it affects both long-term strategy and day-to-day decision making. In addition to advantages and disadvantages, entrepreneurs must consider their preferences and long-range requirements 3. B. The difference forms of competition advantage are critical to international business. With an absolute advantage, a country engages in international trade because it can produce a product more efficiently than any other nation. But more often, countries trade because they enjoy comparative advantages: They can produce some items more efficiently than they produce other items. The import-export balance including the balance of trade and the balance of payments, and exchange rate differences in national currencies affect the international economic environment and are important element of international business. 4. A. Social responsibility refers to an organization’s response to social needs. Until the second half of the nineteenth century, because business often paid little attention to these needs. Since then however both public pressure and government regulation especially as a result of the great depression of the 1930s and the social activism of the 1960s and the 1970s have forced business to consider the public welfare at least to some degree. A trend toward increased social consciousness, including a heightened sense of environment activism has recently emerged. 5. A Management is the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling an organization’s financial, physical, human and information resources to achieve the organization’s goal. Planning means determining what the company needs to do and how best to get to get it done. Organizing means determining how best to arrange a business’s resources and the necessary jobs into an overall structure.

A Case Study of Obsessive Impulsive Disorder

A Case Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Some Diagnostic Considerations INTROD  UCTION Prior to 1984,  obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  was  considered  a  rare disorder and  one difficult  to treat (I  )  . In 1984 the  Epidemiologic Catchment  Area (ECA) initial survey results  became available for the first time, and  OC  D  prevalence figures  showed that  2. 5  %  of  the  population m  et  diagnostic  criteria  for OCD (2,3)  . Final  survey results published  in 1988  (4) confirmed these  earlier reports. In  addition, a 6-month  point prevalence of  1. 6%  was observed,  and  a  life  time  prevalence  of 3. 0% was  found.OCD is  an illness of secrecy, and  frequently the  patients  present  to physicians in  specialties other than psychiatry. An  other factor contributing to under diagnosis of  this disorder  is that  psychiatrists m  a y fail to ask screening questions  that would identify  OCD. The  following case study is  an example  of  a patient  with moderately severe OCD  who  presented  to  a  resident  psychiatry  clinic  ten years prior to being diagnosed  with OCD. The patient  was  compliant with  out patient treatment for the  entire time  period  and was treated  for  major  depressive  disorder  and border line personality disorder with medication s and  supportive  psychotherapy.The patient never discussed  her OCD symptoms  with her doctors  but in retrospect had offered many clues  that might have allowed  a  swifter  diagnosis and treatment. CASE  HISTORY Simran Ahuja was a 29 year  old,  divorced,  indian female who worked  as a file clerk. She  was followed as an  out patient  at the  same  resident  clinic since  1971. I  first saw her 2012. PAST PSYCHIATRIC HISTORY Simran had been  seen in the  resident  out pati ent  clinic since July of 1984. Prior  to  this she  had not be  en  in psychiatric treatment. She  had never been hospitalized  .Her initial  complaints were depression and anxiety  and she had been placed on  an phenelzine  and responded well. Her  depression  was  initially thought  to be  secondary to amphetamine withdrawal, since she  had been using  diet  pills  for 10  years. She stated  that at first  she  took them to lose weight,  but  continued for  so  long because people at work had noted that she  concentrated  better  and that her job performance had improved. In addition,  her past doctors had  all  commented on her limit  edibility to  change  and her neediness, insecurity,  low  self-esteem,  and poor boundaries. In addition,  her past doctors had noted  her promiscuity.All noted  her poor attention span and limited capacity  for insight. Neurological  testing during her ini tial  evaluation had shown the  possibility of non-dominant parietal  lobe  deficits. Testing  was repeated  in 1989 and  showed †Ã‚  problems in attention ,  recent visual and verbal memory  (with  a greater deficit  in visual memory),  abstract thought  , cognitive flexibility, use  of mathematical operations, and visual analysis. A possibility of right temporal dysfunction is  suggested. †Ã‚  IQ testing showed a  co  m bine d score of 77 on the Adult Weschler  IQ test ,  which  indicated borderline  mental  retardation  .Over the years  the patient had been maintained  on various  antidepressants  and antianxiety agents. These  included  phenelzine,  trazadone, desipramine, alprazolam, clonazapam,  and hydroxyzine. Currently  she  was on fluoxetine  20  mg  daily and clonazaparn 0. 5 mg  twice  a day and 1. 0 mg at bedtime . The antidepressants  had been effective over the years in treating her depression. She  has  never used  m  ore clonazapam than prescribed and there was no history of  abuse  of alcohol or street drugs. Also, there was no history  of discreet  manic episodes and  she  was  never treated with neurolepics.PAST MEDI CAL HISTORY She suffered from  gas  troesophageal reflux and  was maintained  symptom free on a combination  of  ranitidine  and  omeprazole. PSYCHOSOCIAL  HISTORY Simran   was  born  and  raise d in  a  large city. She had a brother who was  3 years younger. She  described  her father  as morose , withdrawn,  and recalled  that he has said, †Ã‚  I don't  like  my  children. Her  father was  physically and  verbally abusive throughout her  child  hood. She  had  always longed  for a good relationship  with him  . She  described  her mother as  the  family martyr and the  glue that  held  the  family together.She stated that  sh e  was  very  close  to her  mother;  her mother always listened  to her and was  always  available to talk with her. She  was a poor student,  had difficulty all through school , and described herself  as †Ã‚  always disrupting  the  class by talking or running  around. †Ã‚  She  had  a  best friend through grade school whom  she  stated †Ã‚  deserted† her  in high  school. She  had maintained  few close  friends since  then . She   graduated high school with much difficulty and  effort. She  dated on  group dates  but never alone. Her husband  left her  while  she was  pregnant with her  son.The husband  was a  bus driver  and had not had  a  role in their  lives  since the  divorce. Aft  e r the  divorce,  she moved  back  to her parent  s'  home  with her son  and  remained there until getting her  own apartment  3 years ago. FAMILY HISTORY Simr an’s  mother  had two  serious  suicide attempts at  age 72 and was  diagnosed with major  depressive  disorder with psychotic features  and OCD. She also had non-insulin dependent  diabetes  mellitus and irritable  bowel  syndrome. Her  brother was treated  for OCD  as an outpatient  for the  past  20 years and also has Hodgkin's Dis  ease, currently in remission.The brother's diagnosis of  OCD was kept secret from  her  and did not become  available  to her until her mother died. Her father  is  alive and well. MENTAL STATUS EXAM She  was a  thin  ,  bleached  blond woman  who appeared her  stated  age. She  was dressed in  skin  tight  ,  provocative  clothing,  costume jewelry earrings  that eclipsed her ears  and hung to her  shoulders, heavy  make-up and  elaborately  styled hair. She  had difficulty  sitting  still  and fidgeted  constantly  in  her  chair. H er body language through out  the interview  was  sexually provocative. Her speech was  rapid,  mildly pressured,  and  she  rarely finished  a sentence.She  described  her  mood  as â€Å"anxious. † Her affect appeared anxious. Her  thought  processes showed mild  circumstantiality and tangentiality. More significant  was her inability to finish a  thought  as exhibited by her in  complete  sentences. COURSE  OF TREATMENT Initial  sessions with the  patient were  spent  gathering history  and forming a working  alliance. Although  she  showed a  good  response  by  slowing  down enough to finish  sentences and focus on  conversations  ,  she  could not tolerate  the side  effects and  refused  to  continue taking the medication  . The  winter  of  1993-94  was  particularly  harsh.The  patient  missed  many sessions because of  bad weather. A pattern  began  to   emerge  of  a  consistent  increase  in the number  of phone  calls that  she  made  to the office voice  mail to  cancel  a session. When  she was questioned about her phone  messages she stated,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  I always repeat  calls to make sure my  message  is received. † Since  the  most recent cancellation generated  no less than six phone calls ,  she  was asked why a  second call wouldn't  be  enough â€Å"to be  sure . † She  laughed  nervously and  said,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  I  always repeat  things. † With careful questioning  the following  behaviors  were uncovered.The patient checked  all locks  and windows repeatedly  before  retiring. She  checked the  iron a dozen times  before leaving the house . She  checked  her door  lock  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  a  hundred  times† before  she  was able to  get in her  car. The patient  washed her hands frequently. Sh e carried disposable  washcloths in  her purse †Ã‚  so I  can wash as  often  as I need too  . †Ã‚  She  said people  at work laugh  at her  for washing  so  much. But she  stated  ,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I  can' t help it. I've been this way  since  I was  a  little girl. † When  questioned  about telling former  doctors  about this,  the  patient  stated that she  had never  talked  about it with her doctors.She  stated  that  everyone that knew  her  simply knew  that  this  was  the  way  she  was:  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  It's  just  me . †Ã‚  In  fact , she  stated, †Ã‚  I didn't  think my doctors  would  care†¦ .  I've always  been this  way  so  it  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs  not something  you can  change . † Over the next  few sessions, it became  clear  that her arguments  with her boyfriend centered  on  his annoyance with her need  to  const antly repeat  things. This was  what she  always referred to  as †Ã‚  talking too much  . †Ã‚  In  sessions it  was  observed that  her  anxiety,  neediness and poor boundaries  a  rose over issues of misplacing things in her purse and insurance forms that were incorrectly  filled  out.In  fact,  when I  attempted to correct the  insurance forms for her, I had difficulty because of her need to repeat the  instructions to me  over and over. The Introduction Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterised by persistent obsessional thoughts and/or compulsive acts. Obsessions are recurrent ideas, images or impulses, which enter the individual's mind in a stereotyped manner and against his will. Often such thoughts are absurd, obscene or violent in nature, or else senseless. Though the patient recognises them as his own, he feels powerless over them.Similarly,compulsive acts or rituals are stereotyped behaviou rs, performed repetitively without the completion of any inherently useful task. The commonest obsession involved is fear of contamination by dirt, germs or grease, leading to compulsive cleaning rituals. Other themes of obsessions include aggression, orderliness, illness, sex, symmetry and religion. Other compulsive behaviors include checking and counting, often in a ritualistic manner, and over a â€Å"magical† number of times. About 70% of OCD patients suffer from both bsessions and compulsions; obsessions alone occur in 25%, whilst compulsions alone are rare. 1n  she spent  ten minutes checking and rechecking  the  form  against the receipts. She  became convinced that she'd  done it wrong, her anxiety would increase, and  she  would  get  the forms out  and check  them again. Her  need to include  me in this  checking  was  so great  that she  was almost physically on  top  of  my  chair. In the  following  weeks,  se ssion s  focused  on  educating the  patient about  OCD. Her  dose of fluoxetine  was increased  to 40 mg  a  day but discontinued because  of severe restlessness and insomnia.She continued to  take 20  mg of  fluoxetine a day. Starting  another medication in  addition to fluoxetine  was difficult because of the patient  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs  obsessive  thoughts  about  weight gain, the  number  of  pills  she  was  taking, and the  possible side effects . Finally,  the  patient agreed to try adding  clomipramine to her medications. The  results were  dramatic. She  felt  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  more relaxed † and had less anxiety. She  began to talk, for  the  first  time, about her  abusive  father. She said,  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  His behavior was always supposed  to be the family  secret. I felt  so afraid  and  anxious I didn't  dare tell  anyone.But now  I  feel better. I don't care who  knows. It  Ã ¢â‚¬Ëœs  cost my  mother  too  much  to  stay  silent. †   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At  this time  the  plan is to begin behavioral therapy with  the  patient  in  addition to medication s  and  supportive therapy to  deal wit  h her  difficulties with relationships. DISCUSSION This is  a complicated  case  with multiple diagnoses: borderline  mental  retardation,  attention deficit disorder,  borderline  personality  disorder,  a  history  of  major depressive disorder and  obsessive compulsive disorder. Given the  level  of  complexity of  this  case and the  patient ‘s  own silence  about her  symptoms,  it  is  not urprising  that this  patient's OCD remained  undiagnosed  for  so  long. However,  in  reviewing  the literature  and the case,  it is instructive to  look  a  t the  evidence that  might  have  led  to an earlier diagnosis. Fir st of  all,  there  was the  finding  of soft neurological deficits. The patient  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs Neuropsychological testing suggested  problems  with  visuospacial  functioning  n visual memory,  as well as  attentional difficulties  and  a  low IQ. In the  past,  her doctors were so impressed  with her history of  cognitive difficulties  that  neuropsychological testing was  ordered  on two separate occasions.Four  studies in the  recent literature have  shown consistent findings of  right hemispheric dysfunction,  specifically  difficulties  in visuospatial  tasks, associated  with OCD  (6,7,8,9). The patient also had a history  of chronic dieting,  and  although  extremely  thin, she continue d to be  obsessed with not  gaining  a single pound. This was  a  patient who took diet  pills for 10  years and who  see earliest memories  involved  her father's disapproval of  her bod  y  ha bitus. Eating  disorders a  reviewed by  some  clinicians  as  a form  of  O C D. O  C D.Swedo and Rapoport (II)  also note  an increased incidence  of  eating disorders in children  and  adolescents  with  OCD. While  this was  no doubt true,  the underlying  obsessional  content pointed directly  to OCD and should have  generated a list of screening questions  for OCD. This underscores  the  need to be  vigilant for diagnostic clues and to perform one's  own diagnostic assessment when  assuming the treatment  of any  patient. While the  literature  makes  it clear that OCD  runs in families,  the  patient was unaware of the  illness  in her family  until after  her diagnosis  was mad  e.It  would have be  en  helpful to know this information  from the  beginning  as it should  immediately  raise a suspicion of OCD in a patient  presenting  with complaints  of  depression and anxiety. Finally,  her diagnosis of borderline  personality  disorder  made  it  easier to pass  off her observable  behavior  in the office as  further  evidence  of  her  character structure. The diagnosis of borderline  personality  disorder was  clear. She  used the  defense of splitting  as evidence d by her descriptions  of her fights  with her boyfriend . H  e was either  Ã¢â‚¬Å"wonderful† or a  Ã¢â‚¬Å"complete bastard. † Her  relationships were  chaotic  and unstable.She had no close friends outside  of her family. She  exhibited  affective instability, marked  disturbance of body  image  and impulsive behaviors. However, it was difficult to discern whether her  symptoms were truly  character logical  or  due  instead  to her underlying  OCD and related  anxiety. For instance,  the  in  stability  in her relationships was,  in  part,  the result  of  her OCD , since  once she  began to obsess  on  something,  she  repeated  herself so much  that  she  frequently  drove others into  a  rage. A  study by Ricciardi,  investigated  DSM-III-R Axis II diagnoses following treatment for OCD.Over  half  of  the  patients in the study  no longer met DSM-III-R  criteria for personality disorders after  behavioral  and  /  or pharmacological treatment  of  their  OCD. The  authors  conclude that  this  raises questions  about  t  he validity  of an Axis  II diagnosis  in the  face  of  OCD. One might also begin  to wonder how many  patients  with personality  disorders  have undiagnosed  O  CD? Rasmussen  and Eisen  found a very high comorbidity of  other Axis I diagnoses in patients  with OCD. Thirty-on  e  percent of patients studied  were  also diagnosed with major  depression, and  anxiety disorders accounted for twenty-four per cent.Other coexisting disorders  included eating disorders, alcohol  abuse  and dependence, and Tourette's syndrome. Baer,  investigated  the comorbidity  of Axis  II disorders  in patients  with OCD  and found that 52  percent  met  the criteria for  at least one  personality  disorder  with mixed,  dependent  and histrionic being  the  most common disorders diagnosed  . Given  the  frequency of comorbidity in patient  s  with OCD,  it would  be wise to include  screening questions  in  every  psychiatric  evaluation. These  need  not  be elaborate. Questions about  checking,  washing,  and ntrusive,  unwanted thoughts can be  simple  and direct. In  eliciting a  family history,  specific  questions about  family members  who check  repeatedly  or  wash  frequently  should  be included. Simply as  king if  any  family member  has  OCD  m  ay  not  elicit   the  information  , since  family members may  also be undiagnosed. In  summary, this  case  represents a complicated  diagnostic  puzzle. Her  past physicians  did not have the  information  we d  o  today  to unravel  the  tangled skeins  of symptoms. It  is  important to be  alert  for  the  possibility  that this  patient ‘s story is not an  uncommon one.BIBLIOGRAPHY * Psychology book (NCERT) * Identical * Suicidal notes * A psychopath test: journey through the world of madness * Disorder of impulse control by Hucker INDEX * Introduction * Case study * Course of treatment * Discussion * Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my special thanks and gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Girija Singh who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’, which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things.Secon dly I would also like to thank my family and my friends who helped me a lot in finishing this project. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Jailaxmi Rathore of class 12 has successfully completed the project on psychology titled ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’ under the guidance of Mrs. Girija Singh. Also this project project is as per cbse guidelines 2012-2013. Teacher’s signature (Mrs. Girija Singh) (Head of psychology department) 2012-2013 PSYCHOLOGY PROJECT NAME OF THE CANDIDATE: JAILAXMI RATHORE CLASS: XII ARTS B SCHOOL: MGD GIRLS’ SCHOOL

How to Get Your High School Diploma Online

A growing number of teenagers are earning their high school diplomas through the internet. Distance learning is often a great option for students who need to stay home for health reasons, desire to work at their own pace, find themselves unable to concentrate on their work in the traditional setting, or need to schedule their learning around a career (such as acting). Finding an online high school can be a challenge; many schools make big claims but few live up to their promises. Parents generally have two options for their children: private online schools or public online schools. Private online schools function much like traditional private schools, while public schools must follow national and state regulations. Private Online High Schools For the most part, private schools act independently of government regulation. Just like traditional private schools, they create their own regulations and have their own learning philosophy, which varies greatly from school to school. Tuition is often high since parents are charged for all costs related to their childs education, including hardware and software.These high schools may or may not be accredited by the proper regional association. If you choose a school that is not accredited, check with the academic advisers of a few colleges to make sure that the schools transcript will be accepted should your child apply to attend a college.Many well-established universities are beginning to offer online high schools; these schools are probably the best bet since they are tied to credible institutions that have been around for years. A few schools to consider include: Allied National High SchoolPenn Foster High SchoolKeystone National High SchoolChrista McAuliffe Academy OnlineMore online private high schools... Online Charter Schools If your state allows charter schools, you may be able to enroll in an online high school for free. Charter schools are publicly funded but have more freedom from government control than regular public schools. This is one of the best deals out there since public schools are not allowed to charge tuition and are generally accredited by the proper organization. States such as Minnesota and California have provisions in their state laws that permit students to enroll in charter programs that are paid for by the government. Schools Blue Sky in Minnesota offers students the chance to earn a diploma without paying for classes or materials. Choice2000 in California is completely online, completely free, and completely accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. Some schools even provide computer equipment and hands-on materials free of charge.Find a no-cost program in your area by searching the directory of online public charter schools. Transitioning to an Online Program Whether you choose a private school or a public school, do a little investigating before you enroll your teenager. Interviewing the school of your choice can be a great way to make sure that youll get the resources you need and checking with the correct regional accreditation board can ensure that your school is properly accredited. Finally, make sure your child is emotionally and academically prepared to learn through the internet. Many students struggle being away from social events and friends and have difficulty avoiding the many distractions in the home. But, if your teenager is prepared and you choose the right school, online learning can be a great asset to her future.See: Online High School Profiles